Guías y evidencia
Lo que recomiendan las guías sobre el ECG, con su clase y su nivel de evidencia, y lo que está validado y lo que se investiga en su lectura automática.
Todas las fuentes citadas en el ESPACIO, en formato Vancouver, con DOI y PMID verificados, filtrables por tema y descargables para un gestor bibliográfico.
Artículos y guías en PubMed (75)
- Adedinsewo DA, Morales-Lara AC, Afolabi BB, Kushimo OA, Mbakwem AC, Ibiyemi KF, et al. Artificial intelligence guided screening for cardiomyopathies in an obstetric population: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(10):2897-2906. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03243-9 · PMID 39223284G3
- Al-Zaiti SS, Martin-Gill C, Zègre-Hemsey JK, Bouzid Z, Faramand Z, Alrawashdeh MO, et al. Machine learning for ECG diagnosis and risk stratification of occlusion myocardial infarction. Nat Med. 2023;29(7):1804-1813. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02396-3 · PMID 37386246G3
- Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(37):3503-3626. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194 · PMID 37622657G1
- Aslanger E, Yıldırımtürk Ö, Şimşek B, Sungur A, Türer Cabbar A, Bozbeyoğlu E, et al. A new electrocardiographic pattern indicating inferior myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol. 2020;61:41-46. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.04.008 · PMID 32526537H4
- Attia ZI, Friedman PA, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Ladewig DJ, Satam G, et al. Age and Sex Estimation Using Artificial Intelligence From Standard 12-Lead ECGs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12(9):e007284. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007284 · PMID 31450977G3
- Attia ZI, Kapa S, Lopez-Jimenez F, McKie PM, Ladewig DJ, Satam G, et al. Screening for cardiac contractile dysfunction using an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):70-74. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0240-2 · PMID 30617318G3
- Attia ZI, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Asirvatham SJ, Deshmukh AJ, Gersh BJ, et al. An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction. Lancet. 2019;394(10201):861-867. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31721-0 · PMID 31378392G3
- Attia ZI, Harmon DM, Dugan J, Manka L, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lerman A, et al. Prospective evaluation of smartwatch-enabled detection of left ventricular dysfunction. Nat Med. 2022;28(12):2497-2503. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02053-1 · PMID 36376461G3
- Bayés de Luna A, Platonov P, Cosio FG, Cygankiewicz I, Pastore C, Baranowski R, et al. Interatrial blocks. A separate entity from left atrial enlargement: a consensus report. J Electrocardiol. 2012;45(5):445-51. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.06.029 · PMID 22920783H4
- Bogun F, Anh D, Kalahasty G, Wissner E, Bou Serhal C, Bazzi R, et al. Misdiagnosis of atrial fibrillation and its clinical consequences. Am J Med. 2004;117(9):636-42. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.024 · PMID 15501200G3
- Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883-1948. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037 · PMID 29562304G1
- Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, Arribas F, Bax JJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(5):655-720. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467 · PMID 31504425G1
- Brugada P, Brugada J, Mont L, Smeets J, Andries EW. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of a regular tachycardia with a wide QRS complex. Circulation. 1991;83(5):1649-59. doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.5.1649 · PMID 2022022B5H4
- Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 · PMID 37622654C4C5D4E7E2G1
- Casale PN, Devereux RB, Kligfield P, Eisenberg RR, Miller DH, Chaudhary BS, et al. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: development and prospective validation of improved criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6(3):572-80. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80115-7 · PMID 3161926H4
- De Backer J, Haugaa KH, Hasselberg NE, de Hosson M, Brida M, Castelletti S, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(43):4462-4568. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193 · PMID 40878294C4H2G1
- de Winter RJ, Verouden NJ, Wellens HJ, Wilde AA, Interventional Cardiology Group of the Academic Medical Center. A new ECG sign of proximal LAD occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(19):2071-3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0804737 · PMID 18987380H4
- de Zwaan C, Bär FW, Wellens HJ. Characteristic electrocardiographic pattern indicating a critical stenosis high in left anterior descending coronary artery in patients admitted because of impending myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982;103(4 Pt 2):730-6. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(82)90480-x · PMID 6121481H4
- Drezner JA, Sharma S, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(9):704-731. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097331 · PMID 28258178C4C5G1H1
- Galloway CD, Valys AV, Shreibati JB, Treiman DL, Petterson FL, Gundotra VP, et al. Development and Validation of a Deep-Learning Model to Screen for Hyperkalemia From the Electrocardiogram. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(5):428-436. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0640 · PMID 30942845G3
- García-Niebla J, Llontop-García P, Valle-Racero JI, Serra-Autonell G, Batchvarov VN, de Luna AB. Technical mistakes during the acquisition of the electrocardiogram. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2009;14(4):389-403. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2009.00328.x · PMID 19804517D4E7
- Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(35):3427-3520. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364 · PMID 34455430C3G1
- Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu T, Liang Z, Xia Y, et al. Mobile Photoplethysmographic Technology to Detect Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(19):2365-2375. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.019 · PMID 31487545G3
- Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, Abdelhamid M, Barbato E, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3826-3924. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270 · PMID 36017553G1
- Hancock EW, Deal BJ, Mirvis DM, Okin P, Kligfield P, Gettes LS, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part V: electrocardiogram changes associated with cardiac chamber hypertrophy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119(10):e251-61. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191097 · PMID 19228820C4C5G1H1
- Hannun AY, Rajpurkar P, Haghpanahi M, Tison GH, Bourn C, Turakhia MP, et al. Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):65-69. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0268-3 · PMID 30617320G3
- Kelshiker MA, Bächtiger P, Petri CF, Nakhare S, Mansell J, Chhatwal K, et al. Triple cardiovascular disease detection with an artificial intelligence-enabled stethoscope (TRICORDER) in the UK: a cluster-randomised controlled implementation trial. Lancet. 2026;407(10529):704-715. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02156-7 · PMID 41619752G3
- Kligfield P, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ, Hancock EW, et al. Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2007;115(10):1306-24. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180200 · PMID 17322457C5D4E7G1
- Ko WY, Siontis KC, Attia ZI, Carter RE, Kapa S, Ommen SR, et al. Detection of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using a Convolutional Neural Network-Enabled Electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(7):722-733. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.030 · PMID 32081280G3
- Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 · PMID 31504429G1H2H3
- Køber L, Adamo M, Ruwald AC, Tomasoni D, Anderson LJ, Andersson C, et al. 2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2026;47(38):5346-5457. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag100 · PMID 42661420G1
- Lankaputhra M, Bishop A, Wijaya J, Batchelor R, McManamny T, Anderson D, et al. Final Diagnoses and Outcomes After Paramedic-Suspected ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 2026;pii: S0196-0644(26)00539-1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2026.07.027. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2026.07.027 · PMID 42841835A3
- Lima EM, Ribeiro AH, Paixão GMM, Ribeiro MH, Pinto-Filho MM, Gomes PR, et al. Deep neural network-estimated electrocardiographic age as a mortality predictor. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5117. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25351-7 · PMID 34433816G3
- Lin CS, Liu WT, Tsai DJ, Lou YS, Chang CH, Lee CC, et al. AI-enabled electrocardiography alert intervention and all-cause mortality: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(5):1461-1470. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02961-4 · PMID 38684860G3
- Lindow T, Nyström A, Forberg JL, Mokhtari A, Björkelund A, Herman R, et al. Improved Detection of Acute Coronary Occlusion Myocardial Infarction by an Artificial Intelligence Electrocardiogram Model in Swedish Emergency Departments. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2026;7(5):100473. doi:10.1016/j.acepjo.2026.100473 · PMID 42614578A3
- Liu WT, Lin C, Lee CC, Chang CH, Fang WH, Tsai DJ, et al. Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECGs for Atrial Fibrillation Identification and Enhanced Oral Anticoagulant Adoption: A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14(14):e042106. doi:10.1161/JAHA.125.042106 · PMID 40611485G3
- Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-4361. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244 · PMID 36017568C2G1E2H2H3
- Mason JW, Hancock EW, Gettes LS, American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American College of Cardiology Foundation, Heart Rhythm Society, et al. Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part II: Electrocardiography diagnostic statement list: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2007;115(10):1325-32. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180201 · PMID 17322456G1
- McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(38):3912-4018. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 · PMID 39210715G1H2
- Mills NL, Newby LK, Zaman S, Almahmeed WA, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Colvin MM, et al. Fifth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2026). Eur Heart J. 2026;pii: ehag101. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehag101. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag101 · PMID 42661425B4C4C5H2H3H4G1
- MORRIS JJ Jr, ESTES EH Jr, WHALEN RE, THOMPSON HK Jr, MCINTOSH HD. P-WAVE ANALYSIS IN VALVULAR HEART DISEASE. Circulation. 1964;29:242-52. doi:10.1161/01.cir.29.2.242 · PMID 14119389H4
- Noseworthy PA, Attia ZI, Behnken EM, Giblon RE, Bews KA, Liu S, et al. Artificial intelligence-guided screening for atrial fibrillation using electrocardiogram during sinus rhythm: a prospective non-randomised interventional trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10359):1206-1212. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01637-3 · PMID 36179758G3
- OSBORN JJ. Experimental hypothermia; respiratory and blood pH changes in relation to cardiac function. Am J Physiol. 1953;175(3):389-98. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1953.175.3.389 · PMID 13114420H4
- Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17-96. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605 · PMID 32860412G1
- Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, Rumsfeld JS, Garcia A, Ferris T, et al. Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1909-1917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901183 · PMID 31722151G3
- Praz F, Borger MA, Lanz J, Marin-Cuartas M, Abreu A, Adamo M, et al. 2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(44):4635-4736. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf194 · PMID 40878295G1
- Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119(10):e241-50. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191096 · PMID 19228821C5G1H1
- Ribeiro AH, Ribeiro MH, Paixão GMM, Oliveira DM, Gomes PR, Canazart JA, et al. Automatic diagnosis of the 12-lead ECG using a deep neural network. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1760. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15432-4 · PMID 32273514G3
- Romhilt DW, Estes EH Jr. A point-score system for the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J. 1968;75(6):752-8. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(68)90035-5 · PMID 4231231H4
- Sandau KE, Funk M, Auerbach A, Barsness GW, Blum K, Cvach M, et al. Update to Practice Standards for Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Hospital Settings: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(19):e273-e344. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000527 · PMID 28974521D4E7
- Schläpfer J, Wellens HJ. Computer-Interpreted Electrocardiograms: Benefits and Limitations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(9):1183-1192. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.723 · PMID 28838369G3
- Schulz-Menger J, Collini V, Gröschel J, Adler Y, Brucato A, Christian V, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(40):3952-4041. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf192 · PMID 40878297G1H2
- Sclafani M, Arcari L, Tini G, Venturiello D, Imperatrice A, Tropea A, et al. Septal thickness to QRS voltage ratio in Lead I/aVR: A simple tool for estimating cardiac amyloid burden. Int J Cardiol. 2026;461:134670. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2026.134670 · PMID 42447999A3
- Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A, Underwood DA, Gates KB, Topol EJ, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(8):481-7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602223340801 · PMID 8559200H4
- Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(8):1057-1075. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.015 · PMID 28231933G1
- Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(16):1466-1480. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw631 · PMID 28329355G1
- Shatarat F, Bdarnh O, Alomari AA, Alshatarat R, Alkasasbeh J, Alwahsh R, et al. A reassuring ECG is not enough in myotonic dystrophy type 1: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2026;pii: S0972-6292(26)00247-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ipej.2026.09.012. doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2026.09.012 · PMID 42822762A3
- Simonetto DA, Rushlow D, Liu K, Calleri A, Kassmeyer BA, Lennon RJ, et al. Detection of undiagnosed liver cirrhosis via AI-enabled electrocardiogram: a pragmatic, cluster-randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2026;32(1):160-167. doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04058-y · PMID 41408416G3
- Smith SW, Dodd KW, Henry TD, Dvorak DM, Pearce LA. Diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block with the ST-elevation to S-wave ratio in a modified Sgarbossa rule. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(6):766-76. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.07.119 · PMID 22939607H4
- SOKOLOW M, LYON TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J. 1949;37(2):161-86. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(49)90562-1 · PMID 18107386H4
- Strauss DG, Selvester RH, Wagner GS. Defining left bundle branch block in the era of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(6):927-34. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.11.010 · PMID 21376930H4
- Surawicz B, Childers R, Deal BJ, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Gorgels A, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119(10):e235-40. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191095 · PMID 19228822C4C5G1H1
- Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 · PMID 30165617B4C5G1
- Tsai DJ, Lin C, Liu WT, Lee CC, Chang CH, Lin WY, et al. Artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and prognostication in low ejection fraction using electrocardiograms in inpatient department: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):342. doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04190-z · PMID 40484925G3
- Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, Casado-Arroyo R, Caso V, Crijns HJGM, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3314-3414. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176 · PMID 39210723C2G1C3
- Vedage NA, Friedman SF, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Shah SJ, McManus DD, et al. Risk-Guided Atrial Fibrillation Screening With Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Electrocardiogram Models: A VITAL-AF Trial Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2026;87(14):1798-1813. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.01.087 · PMID 41983618G3
- Vereckei A, Duray G, Szénási G, Altemose GT, Miller JM. New algorithm using only lead aVR for differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(1):89-98. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.09.020 · PMID 18180024B5H4
- Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, Rossello X, Adamo M, Ainslie J, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3415-3537. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177 · PMID 39210710G1
- Wagner GS, Macfarlane P, Wellens H, Josephson M, Gorgels A, Mirvis DM, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part VI: acute ischemia/infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119(10):e262-70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191098 · PMID 19228819E7G1
- Witting MD, Hu KM, Westreich AA, Tewelde S, Farzad A, Mattu A. Evaluation of Spodick's Sign and Other Electrocardiographic Findings as Indicators of STEMI and Pericarditis. J Emerg Med. 2020;58(4):562-569. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.01.017 · PMID 32222321H4
- Writing Committee, Kittleson MM, Ambardekar AV, Cheng RK, Griffin JM, Maurer MS, et al. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Evaluation and Management: 2025 ACC Concise Clinical Guidance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2026;87(5):549-565. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.004 · PMID 41171219H2
- Yao X, Rushlow DR, Inselman JW, McCoy RG, Thacher TD, Behnken EM, et al. Artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiograms for identification of patients with low ejection fraction: a pragmatic, randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(5):815-819. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01335-4 · PMID 33958795G3
- Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):3997-4126. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262 · PMID 36017572C2G1
- Zhuo XY, Dong P, Lei SH, Liu B, Xu NW, Jiang S, et al. Preoperative electrocardiography for predicting cardiovascular events after noncardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of two prospective cohorts. Br J Anaesth. 2026;137(4):1006-1016. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2026.06.025 · PMID 42538263A3
- Zorzi A, Leoni L, Di Paolo FM, Rigato I, Migliore F, Bauce B, et al. Differential diagnosis between early repolarization of athlete's heart and coved-type Brugada electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(4):529-32. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.11.035 · PMID 25549881H4